Evaluating Cerebral Perfusion in Alzheimer Patients and First-Degree Relatives: Lessons from Artemisa Province, Cuba.

INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer disease is related to several risk factors including aging, family history, high blood pressure and diabetes. Studies have shown specific regional cerebral perfusion changes in patients with Alzheimer disease. Some authors state that these changes could appear years before patient memory becomes impaired, enabling early diagnosis in high-risk persons who appear to be healthy. OBJECTIVE: Determine the usefulness of cerebral perfusion studies in Alzheimer patients and first-degree relatives for obtaining additional diagnostic information and detecting functional changes that may suggest elevated disease risk. METHODS: This study involved 128 persons (87 clinically diagnosed with Alzheimer disease and 41 of their first-degree relatives with normal cognition), all from Artemisa Province, Cuba. We performed clinical, laboratory, neuropsychological and genetic (apolipoprotein E-ApoE, e4 allele) tests, as well as cerebral perfusion studies using single photon emission computed tomography after administering 740-925 MBq of 99m Tc-ECD, following internationally standardized protocols. RESULTS: In the Alzheimer disease group, the cerebral single photon emission computed tomography showed a typical Alzheimer pattern (bilateral posterior temporal-parietal hypoperfusion) in 77% (67/87) of participants; 35.9% (28/67) in stage 1; 51.3% (40/67) in stage 2; and 12.8% (10/67) in stage 3 of the disease. In this group, 12.7% (11/87) had mild or unilateral cerebral perfusion changes; 5.7% (5/87) vascular dementia; 3.4% (3/87) frontal dementia; and 1.2% (1/87) normal cerebral perfusion. Of the patients, 28.7% (25/87) received a different classification of stage and disease diagnosis after cerebral perfusion results were considered. In the relative group, 14.6% (6/41) had cerebral perfusion abnormalities. Among these, 7.1% (3/41) were mild bilateral temporal-parietal hypoperfusion; 4.8% (2/41) mild unilateral temporal-parietal hypoperfusion; and 2.4% (1/41) had perfusion defecits in their right frontal lobes. Of patients with typical Alzheimer disease patterns in the cerebral single photon emission computed tomography, 76.6% (52/67) had positive ApoE e4. All relatives with perfusion abnormalities (6/6) had positive ApoE e4. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral perfusion studies confirmed the Alzheimer disease diagnosis, classified disease stages, and differentiated between the types of dementia. The test showed perfusion changes in several asymptomatic first-degree relatives with positive ApoE e4, which could be predictors of disease. The technique was useful for evaluating patients and their relatives.

Obtención combinada de parámetros para la planificación dosimétrica 2D y 3D de tratamientos con en Hipertiroidismo / Combined parameters estimation for dosimetry treatment planning in Hyperthyroidism using 2D and 3D

La planificación, optimización y verificación de los tratamientos-paciente específico con fuentes abiertas de es objeto de investigación constante desde el punto de vista médico y de protección radiológica. El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar el uso combinado de varios equipos médico-nucleares para la estimación de los parámetros de biodistribución y farmacocinética necesarios para la planificación y verificación del tratamiento-paciente específico del hipertiroidismo. Para ello se estudiaron las respuestas de tres equipos médico-nucleares (Captor de Yodo, Cámara Gamma Philips Forte con colimador de pinhole, Cámara Mediso Nucline con colimadores de alta energía y propósitos generales para estudios planares y SPECT) empleando el maniquí de tiroides. Se comprobó la linealidad de la respuesta a la actividad en condiciones clínicas y se obtuvieron índices de correlación del ajuste superiores a 0,99 para actividades diagnósticas y terapéuticas. Se evaluó la concordancia de los parámetros calculados por los diferentes equipos y se encontró una discrepancia menor del 6 % para los índices de captación en actividades terapéuticas y del 1,1 % para las diagnósticas. Se estableció y verificó un protocolo que permite, con una sola administración de , desarrollar la cuantificación dosimétrica 2D y 3D para pacientes hipertiroideos, con un uso optimizado de los equipos imagenológicos

Optimization and verification of Specific Patient Treatment Planning with unsealed sources in hyperthyroidism diseases is a desirable goal from medical and radiation protection viewpoints. In order to verify the estimation of patient’s specific treatment dose and his/her related parameters, a combination of 3 different apparatus or pieces of equipment used in nuclear medicine were studied - the Iodine Probe, a Philips Forte Camera with pin-hole collimators and a Mediso Nucline with HEGP for planar and SPECT techniques- by using the typical neck phantom and sources simulating diagnosis and treatment procedure. The linear behavior on diagnostic and therapeutic activity range was verified, showing a linear correlation fitting factor > 0,99. The differences between thyroid uptake determinations in all equipment were less than 6 % for therapeutic activities and less than 1,1 % in the diagnostic range. The combined protocol to calculate all the necessary parameters for the patient treatment dose planning using 2D or 3D approach was established and verified, avoiding wasting time with gamma cameras and with only one administration of